kidney stones also commonly called Nephrolithiasis, renal stones, urinary stones, urolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, kidney calculi,  renal calculi, ureteral calculi, urinary calculi, acute nephrolithiasis, urinary tract stone disease.

One in 20 people suffer from kidney stones. Male: female = 3:1. The peak incidence at age 30-60 years or 20-49 years. Prevalence in the USA approximately 12% for men and 7% for women. Struvite stone is found more often in women than men.

Kidney stone is a stone jar contained in the bladder. Stone jar also known as vesical stone or bladder stone. Well, to know about kidney stones more clearly and in detail, please refer to the following servings.

Cause
Many of the factors that facilitate the formation of kidney stones, such as: genetics (heredity), history of previous kidney stone pain, less drinking, which many diaphoretic activity, weather / climate that causes heat quickly reduced the volume of body fluids. Type of work, sports or hobbies that trigger dehydration. Consumption of certain drugs trigger formation of kidney stones, for example: ephedrine, a drug urine facilitator, antikejang, indinavir, atazanavir. Other medications: guaifenesin; triamterene; silicate (magnesium-containing antacid use of silicate that is too often / too much); also sulfa drugs, including sulfasalazine, sulfadiazine, acetylsulfamethoxazole, acetylsulfasoxazole, and acetylsulfaguanidine. Diseases and metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, hypercalciuria (increased calcium absorption in the intestines), rheumatic disease (uric acid or gout, arthritis), intestinal disease. Anatomical abnormalities (shape) and kidney channels. Calcium stones, uric acid stones, struvite stones (infection stones), stone Sistin.

Kidney stones are formed due to water saturation of the arts, disturbances of acidity (pH), kidney, and decreased crystal inhibiting factors, such as citrate, magnesium, Tamm-Horsfall protein, and bikunin.

Clinical symptoms
Could no complaints at all. Colicky pain, which seemed at one side of the waist or abdomen, can spread to the genitals (testicles, penis, vulva), emerged suddenly, loss arising, and strong intensity. Kidney pain (renal colic), which seemed at the waist, not spreading, arising from the kidney capsule strain, often associated with nausea and vomiting. Bladder pain (jar), was under center. Urgency, that sense of want to pee, so it hurt. Dysuria, ie pain during urination or difficult urination. Polakisuria, namely the frequency of urination is more often than usual. Hematuria, there is blood or red blood cells (erythrocytes) in urine. Anuria / Oliguria. Anuria is if urine production <200 cc / day. Oliguria is if if urine production <600 cc / day.

Examination Support
Analysis of stone, 24-hour urine capacity, urinalysis. Calculate the complete blood cell. Blood chemistry, including: levels of electrolytes, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, and serum creatinine. Analysis of parathyroid hormone. Ultrasound, abdominal X-rays (plain film radiography), IVP (intravenous pyelography), CT scans, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).

Therapy
Pain relievers, such as: narcotic (meperidine, morphine sulfate, a combination of paracetamol and codeine, or morphine injection), class of opioid analgesics (morphine sulfate, oxycodone and acetaminophen, hydrocodone and acetaminophen), class a narcotic analgesic (butorphanol), anti-class inflammatory non-steroidal (ketorolac, diclofenac, celecoxib, ibuprofen). Antiemetic (metoclopramide) if nausea or vomiting. Antibiotics if there is a urinary tract infection, for example: ampicillin plus gentamicin, ticarcillin and clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, Ofloxacin. To remove kidney stones can also group with the drug inhibiting calcium channel blockers or calcium (nifedipine), class alpha-adrenergic blockers (tamsulosin, terazosin), corticosteroids or glucocorticoids class, such as: prednisone, prednisolone. Drugs other options: uricosuric agents (allopurinol), oral alkalinizing agents (potassium citrate). Other interventions by ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy), ureteroskopi, ureterorenoskopi, Nephrolithotomy percutaneous, open surgery.

Prevention
2.3 to 3.3 liters of drinking water every day. Salt restriction. Restriction of animal protein. Low-oxalate diet (reduce consumption: green vegetables, sugar beets, beans, grains, soy products, tea, chocolate, strawberry. Low-purine diet (reduce consumption: sardines, shellfish, brain, intestines, heart, liver, intestine, spleen). Increase the consumption of spinach, kale, beans and leaves, beans, wheat, rice, all of which are rich in insoluble fiber that will bind calcium, thus decreasing intestinal calcium absorption, and excretion through the kidneys is diminished. Reduce consumption apple juice and grape juice, often eat: drink orange juice, fish oil, vitamin B6, and kidney stone crusher phytopharmaca, such as: tempuyung, srigunggu, sambang getih, gempur watu, nasty shard.

Did You Know?
Patients kidney stones and undergoing low-oxalate diet should not consume of vitamin C with high doses, because vitamin C can raise levels of oxalate in the blood.

if you are one people with kidney/Renal failure should also read the following article: Principle Diet for Kidney/Renal Failure Patients

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